Which historical movement is characterized by the belief in a national identity that included hostility towards immigrants?

The correct choice, Nativism, is characterized by a strong belief in national identity that often includes hostility towards immigrants. This movement emerged particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States as various waves of immigrants arrived from Europe and other parts of the world. Nativists viewed these immigrants as a threat to the American way of life, cultural values, and economic opportunities for native-born citizens. This resulted in significant social and political movements aimed at restricting immigration and promoting the interests of established American citizens over those of new arrivals.

Nativism often involved promoting policies such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Immigration Act of 1924, which specifically targeted and limited certain immigrant groups. It was fueled by fears about job competition, cultural dilution, and societal change, painting immigrants as potentially dangerous or undesirable members of society.

In contrast, the other movements listed—Progressivism, Paternalism, and Socialism—did not focus primarily on hostility toward immigrants. Progressivism, for example, was more about addressing social issues and advocating for reforms that aimed to improve conditions for all Americans, regardless of their immigrant status. Paternalism involved a sense of responsibility to care for others, often reflecting a hierarchy