What does "naturalization" refer to in U.S. immigration?

Naturalization refers to the legal process through which a non-citizen acquires citizenship in the United States. This process typically involves fulfilling specific requirements established by law, such as residing in the country for a designated period, demonstrating knowledge of U.S. history and government, and demonstrating good moral character. Once these requirements are met, the individual can apply for citizenship, and if approved, they take an oath of allegiance to the United States.

The other options do not accurately describe naturalization. Deporting undocumented immigrants is a legal action aimed at removing individuals who do not have legal status, and it does not confer citizenship. Tracking immigrant contributions does not relate to acquiring citizenship; it may involve assessing economic or social impacts. An educational program for immigrants could assist in their integration but is not synonymous with the legal process of obtaining citizenship.